9+ Download: Bill Phillips Android Guide PDF (Big Nerd Ranch)


9+ Download: Bill Phillips Android Guide PDF (Big Nerd Ranch)

The required time period refers to a selected useful resource for studying Android software improvement. This useful resource usually takes the type of a downloadable file in a Transportable Doc Format, authored by Invoice Phillips and printed underneath the Massive Nerd Ranch model. It features as a information for programmers, offering directions and explanations associated to creating functions for the Android working system.

This useful resource is usually valued for its structured method to instructing Android improvement. Its advantages can embody enabling people with restricted or no prior expertise to construct useful Android functions. The historic context of such a useful resource aligns with the rising demand for expert Android builders and the necessity for accessible, complete studying supplies within the discipline of cell programming.

Additional exploration of this topic can contain inspecting the precise subjects lined inside the information, evaluating it to various studying sources, and evaluating its effectiveness primarily based on consumer opinions and sensible software. The content material and method adopted within the information considerably affect its utility for aspiring Android builders.

1. Authoritative steerage

The worth of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” is considerably enhanced by its authoritative steerage. This ingredient is central to the useful resource’s effectiveness as a studying device for Android improvement, establishing a basis of belief and reliability within the data introduced.

  • Knowledgeable Authorship

    The involvement of skilled authors like Invoice Phillips establishes a stage of experience that lends credibility to the information. His background in Android improvement, coupled with the fame of Massive Nerd Ranch, assures customers that the fabric is correct, present, and reflective of trade greatest practices. This experience reduces the danger of learners adopting incorrect or outdated strategies, which is a standard pitfall in self-directed studying.

  • Curated Content material

    Authoritative steerage ensures that the content material is rigorously curated and structured for optimum studying. Somewhat than presenting a disorganized assortment of data, the information provides a logical development by means of Android improvement ideas. This consists of the cautious choice of subjects, the order by which they’re introduced, and the depth of protection for every space, which contributes to a simpler and environment friendly studying expertise.

  • Business Requirements

    An authoritative information adheres to accepted trade requirements and conventions. The useful resource persistently emphasizes appropriate coding practices, design patterns, and the usage of official Android improvement instruments. By adhering to those requirements, the information prepares learners to develop professional-quality functions and seamlessly combine into present improvement groups or tasks.

  • Common Updates

    The credibility of the information is sustained by means of common updates that incorporate modifications to the Android working system and the event ecosystem. Sustaining relevance in a quickly evolving discipline is essential. Authoritative steerage extends past the preliminary publication, requiring constant monitoring and revisions to make sure that the knowledge stays correct and relevant to the newest variations of Android and associated applied sciences.

The authority embedded inside “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” serves as a crucial differentiator from much less structured or casual studying supplies. This facet supplies learners with a dependable basis, selling efficient studying {and professional} competence in Android software improvement. This assurance of credible and correct data, in flip, strengthens the worth proposition of the information as a trusted academic useful resource.

2. Sensible examples

The inclusion of sensible examples inside “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” is prime to its effectiveness as a studying useful resource. These examples function a bridge, connecting theoretical ideas with tangible software, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of Android improvement ideas.

  • Code Demonstrations

    The information usually incorporates absolutely useful code snippets that illustrate the implementation of particular Android options. These demonstrations enable the learner to watch how varied elements work together inside a real-world software context. For instance, code demonstrating the usage of `RecyclerView` with a customized adapter would offer a transparent and direct understanding of knowledge show and administration in Android apps. This provides a tangible mannequin for software, decreasing the summary nature of studying new ideas.

  • Venture-Based mostly Studying

    The applying of sensible examples often manifests within the type of project-based studying. The information presents situations that require the development of full functions, or substantial parts thereof, offering built-in expertise. An instance may contain the event of a easy job administration software, which requires implementing consumer interfaces, information persistence, and background processing. This method fosters ability improvement by way of problem-solving and reinforces core ideas by means of repeated utilization in an outlined context.

  • Debugging and Troubleshooting

    The availability of sensible examples implicitly consists of alternatives for encountering and resolving errors. The information’s examples typically embody widespread pitfalls and their options, equipping the learner with debugging expertise. The learner might encounter runtime exceptions or logic errors inside the supplied examples, which necessitates debugging to achieve correct performance. This cultivates crucial troubleshooting skills important for profitable Android improvement.

  • Adaptation and Extension

    Sensible examples function a place to begin for adaptation and extension, encouraging learners to switch and improve the supplied code to go well with their particular necessities. An instance would possibly showcase a primary picture loading mechanism; learners may lengthen this to include caching, picture transformations, or integration with a distant API. Such extensions promote inventive problem-solving and deeper engagement with the fabric. It facilitates a transition from passive studying to lively improvement.

In essence, sensible examples will not be merely supplementary supplies however are integral elements of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf”. They facilitate a holistic studying expertise by offering real-world context, selling problem-solving expertise, and serving as a catalyst for additional exploration and innovation in Android improvement.

3. Complete content material

The “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” is usually lauded for its complete content material, a attribute important to its effectiveness as a studying device for Android improvement. This comprehensiveness shouldn’t be merely a matter of quantity; it represents a radical and well-structured protection of subjects related to constructing Android functions.

  • Basic Ideas

    The information usually features a detailed exploration of elementary Android ideas, reminiscent of Actions, Fragments, Intents, and Companies. These elements are the constructing blocks of Android functions, and a radical understanding is crucial. For instance, the information explains the Exercise lifecycle intimately, protecting states like `onCreate()`, `onStart()`, `onResume()`, `onPause()`, `onStop()`, and `onDestroy()`, and the way these states work together with consumer interplay and system occasions. The implications of this information lengthen to writing sturdy and responsive functions that deal with state modifications appropriately.

  • Person Interface Design

    Protection of consumer interface design entails inspecting layouts, views, and consumer interplay paradigms. The information addresses the usage of XML for outlining layouts and demonstrates the right way to use varied view elements, reminiscent of `TextView`, `EditText`, `Button`, and `ImageView`. Sensible examples of responsive layouts utilizing `ConstraintLayout` or `LinearLayout` are sometimes included. The understanding of UI design extends to issues of consumer expertise (UX), accessibility, and adaptation to completely different display screen sizes and resolutions.

  • Information Storage and Administration

    The information explores strategies for information storage and administration inside Android functions. These strategies vary from easy strategies, like utilizing `SharedPreferences` for storing small quantities of knowledge, to extra superior strategies, like utilizing SQLite databases with `Room Persistence Library`. It covers the right way to carry out CRUD (Create, Learn, Replace, Delete) operations on databases and the right way to handle information effectively to keep away from efficiency bottlenecks. Efficient information administration is essential for constructing functions that deal with information securely and effectively.

  • Networking and APIs

    Networking and API integration kind a big a part of trendy Android improvement. The excellent information covers the right way to make community requests utilizing libraries like Retrofit or Volley and the right way to course of JSON or XML responses. It typically consists of examples of authenticating customers with APIs and dealing with several types of community errors. The flexibility to combine with exterior APIs is important for constructing functions that work together with the web and entry distant information or companies.

See also  6+ Guas: Como Conectar Apple Watch a Android

These sides of complete content material collectively outline the scope and depth of information conveyed by the “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf”. By protecting elementary ideas, UI design, information administration, and networking, the information supplies a strong basis for constructing a variety of Android functions. This in depth protection units it aside from extra narrowly targeted studying sources and contributes to its fame as a worthwhile device for aspiring Android builders.

4. Android fundamentals

Android fundamentals characterize the core constructing blocks upon which all Android functions are constructed. These elementary ideas kind the muse for understanding and growing software program for the Android working system. “Invoice Phillips Android Programming: The Massive Nerd Ranch Information PDF” prioritizes these fundamentals, guaranteeing that readers purchase a strong understanding of the important elements and ideas of Android improvement.

  • Actions and the Exercise Lifecycle

    Actions characterize single, targeted screens with which customers can work together. The Exercise lifecycle defines the assorted states an exercise can exist in, reminiscent of operating, paused, stopped, or destroyed. The information totally explains the Exercise lifecycle strategies (onCreate, onStart, onResume, onPause, onStop, onDestroy) and demonstrates the right way to correctly handle exercise state to make sure a clean consumer expertise, stop information loss, and keep away from widespread pitfalls like reminiscence leaks. Understanding the Exercise lifecycle is essential for constructing sturdy and dependable Android functions.

  • Person Interface (UI) Design and Layouts

    The Android UI consists of View objects, that are organized inside Layouts to create the visible construction of an software. The information supplies complete protection of several types of layouts (e.g., LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout) and demonstrates the right way to use them successfully to create responsive and adaptable consumer interfaces. It covers XML-based structure definitions, customized view creation, and greatest practices for designing consumer interfaces which can be each visually interesting and user-friendly. Proficiency in UI design and structure is important for creating partaking and intuitive Android functions.

  • Intents and Intent Filters

    Intents are messaging objects which can be used to request an motion from one other software element. They can be utilized to start out actions, ship broadcasts, or bind to companies. Intent Filters declare the varieties of intents {that a} element is keen to obtain. The information totally explains the several types of intents (specific and implicit) and the right way to use them successfully to facilitate inter-component communication and integration with different functions. A strong understanding of intents and intent filters is important for constructing modular and extensible Android functions.

  • Information Storage and Persistence

    Android functions typically have to retailer and retrieve information, both for short-term caching or for persistent storage. The information covers varied information storage choices accessible in Android, together with Shared Preferences, inside and exterior storage, SQLite databases, and Content material Suppliers. It explains the right way to use these choices successfully to retailer and handle information, contemplating elements reminiscent of safety, efficiency, and information integrity. Acceptable information storage strategies are essential for constructing functions that deal with information reliably and effectively.

These Android fundamentals, as introduced in “Invoice Phillips Android Programming: The Massive Nerd Ranch Information PDF,” present a structured pathway for aspiring builders. By mastering these core ideas, builders can set up a strong basis for constructing refined and feature-rich Android functions, guaranteeing adherence to greatest practices and trade requirements.

5. Venture-based studying

Venture-based studying serves as a big pedagogical method integral to the effectiveness of sources such because the talked about information. It facilitates the acquisition of sensible expertise and reinforces theoretical information by means of the development of tangible functions, shifting the training paradigm from passive absorption to lively engagement.

  • Software-Oriented Workout routines

    The information typically incorporates structured workouts that require the appliance of discovered ideas inside the context of a bigger, useful software. For instance, a section devoted to information persistence might culminate within the improvement of a note-taking software that shops user-created content material. This method promotes a deeper understanding of how completely different elements work together inside a cohesive system, reasonably than remoted studying of particular person options. This contrasts with theoretical studying alone.

  • Progressive Complexity

    Venture-based studying, as carried out within the information, usually follows a trajectory of accelerating complexity. Preliminary tasks might deal with foundational ideas, reminiscent of UI design and occasion dealing with. Subsequent tasks might then combine extra superior options, reminiscent of networking, database interactions, and background processing. This gradual development permits learners to construct upon their present information base, incrementally growing extra refined functions and increasing their skillset.

  • Downside-Fixing and Debugging

    The act of setting up an software inherently entails encountering and resolving errors. Venture-based studying supplies learners with ample alternatives to develop problem-solving and debugging expertise. The information presents situations that require learners to diagnose and rectify points associated to code logic, useful resource administration, and compatibility. This hands-on expertise cultivates crucial pondering and analytical expertise important for profitable software program improvement.

  • Actual-World Relevance

    Venture-based studying, inside the information’s construction, goals to reflect real-world improvement practices. Initiatives typically simulate duties and challenges encountered by skilled Android builders. This will likely embody integrating third-party libraries, working with APIs, and adhering to coding requirements. This method prepares learners for the calls for of the trade and equips them with the talents and information essential to contribute successfully to improvement groups. These elements emphasize the sensible utility of the acquired information.

The mixing of project-based studying inside the information contributes considerably to its total worth. By emphasizing sensible software and real-world relevance, the useful resource goals to empower learners with the talents and expertise essential to achieve the sphere of Android improvement. The workouts included present a structured method to studying whereas fostering problem-solving capabilities. These workouts distinction favorably with summary instructing strategies.

See also  9+ Easy Ways to Install SSL Certificate on Android!

6. Model compatibility

Model compatibility kinds a crucial consideration when using sources reminiscent of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf”. The Android ecosystem experiences frequent updates, introducing new options, deprecating older strategies, and modifying underlying system behaviors. A information written for an earlier model of Android might comprise outdated or incorrect data when utilized to newer variations. For example, code samples utilizing the deprecated `AsyncTask` for background processing might not be optimum and even operate appropriately on newer Android releases the place `AsyncTask` configurations have modified considerably. Due to this fact, the information’s publication date and the precise Android API stage it targets immediately influence its sensible applicability. Incompatibility can result in runtime errors, surprising software conduct, or the shortcoming to entry sure system options, thereby undermining the training course of.

Sensible significance of model compatibility turns into evident when constructing functions for a various consumer base. Android units run a variety of working system variations. If a information demonstrates options particular to a current Android launch, builders should implement compatibility options to make sure their functions operate appropriately on older units. This typically entails conditional code blocks that make the most of completely different APIs primarily based on the Android model operating on the system. Ignoring model compatibility may end up in a fragmented consumer expertise the place some customers can not set up or correctly make the most of the appliance. The information’s means to handle such challenges by means of particular directions and various implementations enhances its long-term worth.

In conclusion, model compatibility is paramount for the efficient use of Android improvement sources. The “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” should be evaluated within the context of the goal Android variations. Builders should be cognizant of potential discrepancies and adapt their code accordingly. Challenges come up when a single code base should assist a variety of Android variations, requiring skillful implementation of compatibility methods. The information’s usefulness is immediately proportional to its means to supply correct and related data throughout varied Android API ranges, emphasizing the continuing want for up to date editions or supplementary sources addressing version-specific considerations.

7. PDF format

The Transportable Doc Format (PDF) is intrinsically linked to the accessibility and utility of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf”. The selection of PDF because the distribution format facilitates widespread entry throughout various working methods and units, guaranteeing that customers on Home windows, macOS, Linux, Android, or iOS can readily view the content material with out requiring specialised software program past a normal PDF reader. This ubiquitous compatibility represents a major profit, decreasing obstacles to entry for potential Android builders. The fixed-layout nature of PDF additionally ensures constant formatting and presentation, preserving the meant visible design and structure of the information regardless of the viewing atmosphere. This consistency is essential for diagrams, code listings, and different visible components integral to the training course of. The PDF format permits options reminiscent of embedded fonts, hyperlinks, and bookmarks, enhancing navigation and consumer expertise inside the information.

The PDF format’s function extends past easy distribution; it facilitates offline entry to the training materials. Customers can obtain the file and examine the content material with out requiring a persistent web connection. This offline accessibility is especially worthwhile for learners in areas with restricted or unreliable web entry, or for many who desire to review with out distractions. Moreover, PDF paperwork could be readily printed, permitting customers to create bodily copies of the information for private annotation and reference. The flexibility to print is important for learners preferring finding out from laborious copies, enabling tactile engagement with the fabric.

In conclusion, the choice of PDF because the format for “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” considerably contributes to its accessibility, usability, and total worth as an academic useful resource. The format’s inherent compatibility, offline accessibility, and printability handle various consumer wants and preferences. The PDF format’s capabilities underscore its strategic significance in disseminating complete technical data. Challenges related to PDF, reminiscent of textual content reflow on smaller screens, are sometimes mitigated by means of optimized PDF design and the usage of responsive desk codecs the place applicable, guaranteeing a optimistic consumer expertise throughout varied viewing platforms.

8. Offline accessibility

The connection between “offline accessibility” and “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” is paramount to the useful resource’s utility and widespread adoption. The information, distributed as a PDF file, inherently helps offline entry to its contents. This attribute addresses a big limitation of online-only studying platforms, enabling people to review and follow Android improvement expertise no matter web connectivity. The PDF format permits for downloading your entire information onto an area system, whether or not a laptop computer, pill, or smartphone, mitigating reliance on a secure web connection. In situations the place web entry is intermittent, costly, or unavailable, the offline nature of the information turns into an important benefit, fostering uninterrupted studying alternatives.

A sensible instance of the profit derived from offline accessibility entails college students in academic establishments with restricted Wi-Fi infrastructure. They’ll obtain the information in periods of connectivity and subsequently interact with the content material offline, throughout commutes, or in environments missing web entry. Equally, professionals touring to places with unreliable web connectivity can leverage the offline information to proceed their skilled improvement with out interruption. The information supplies a self-contained studying atmosphere, decoupling the consumer’s progress from the vagaries of community availability. This isn’t to be trivialized, its a key profit.

In abstract, the “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” intentionally leverages the offline accessibility afforded by the PDF format to broaden its attain and maximize its usefulness. This performance transcends the restrictions of web dependency, rendering the information a extra accessible and sensible studying device for a various viewers. Whereas on-line sources might supply interactive options, the reliability and portability of the offline PDF format represent a big benefit, fostering steady and uninterrupted studying experiences. Challenges persist in guaranteeing common updates and model management for offline sources, however these challenges are mitigated by means of clear versioning and readily accessible on-line errata.

9. Step-by-step tutorials

The effectiveness of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” hinges considerably on its utilization of step-by-step tutorials. These tutorials function a structured mechanism for conveying complicated ideas and procedures, facilitating a progressive understanding of Android improvement. The information breaks down intricate duties into manageable, sequential steps, enabling learners to understand every ingredient earlier than continuing to the subsequent. For instance, a tutorial on implementing a RecyclerView would possibly start with establishing the mission dependencies, adopted by creating the structure for particular person listing gadgets, defining the information mannequin, implementing the adapter, and eventually integrating the RecyclerView into the principle exercise. This detailed, incremental method minimizes cognitive overload and promotes assured ability acquisition.

See also  Learn Android: Big Nerd Ranch's Guide Book

The inclusion of step-by-step tutorials inside the information shouldn’t be merely a stylistic selection however a pedagogical necessity. Android improvement entails quite a few interconnected elements and configurations. With out a clear, sequenced path, learners can simply change into overwhelmed by the complexity of the Android framework. Step-by-step tutorials handle this problem by offering a roadmap by means of the event course of. Every step is usually accompanied by explanations, code snippets, and screenshots, additional enhancing comprehension. A sensible consequence of this method is that learners are much less prone to encounter insurmountable roadblocks, decreasing frustration and fostering persistence of their studying journey. If a learner is making an attempt to implement a community request, the step-by-step tutorial guides them by means of importing the required libraries, constructing the request object, dealing with the response, and displaying the information, step-by-step.

In conclusion, step-by-step tutorials represent an important element of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf,” profoundly impacting its efficacy as an academic useful resource. These tutorials rework complicated Android improvement duties into accessible, manageable studying experiences, empowering people with the talents and information required to construct useful functions. The success of the information is inextricably linked to the standard and readability of its step-by-step tutorials, which function the first automobile for conveying sensible experience. Potential challenges might come up from the fast evolution of the Android ecosystem, necessitating periodic updates to make sure the tutorials stay present and related. The important thing issue is sustained monitoring of Android API modifications.

Regularly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to a selected studying useful resource for Android improvement. The questions and solutions are introduced to supply readability and handle potential considerations surrounding its use and effectiveness.

Query 1: What stipulations are essential earlier than utilizing this information?

A foundational understanding of object-oriented programming ideas, notably Java or Kotlin, is helpful. Familiarity with primary software program improvement instruments and environments can be beneficial. Whereas the information goals to be accessible to newcomers, prior programming expertise can considerably improve the training expertise.

Query 2: How does this information differ from different Android improvement sources?

This useful resource usually provides a structured, project-based method to studying Android improvement. It typically emphasizes sensible software and real-world situations. A key differentiator could also be its deal with established coding practices and trade requirements, making ready learners for skilled improvement roles.

Query 3: What particular Android variations are lined by this information?

The Android variations lined rely upon the precise version of the information. Seek the advice of the information’s preface or introductory materials for exact particulars. It’s essential to make sure that the lined variations align with the goal Android variations for software improvement.

Query 4: How often is the information up to date to mirror modifications within the Android ecosystem?

Replace frequency varies. Discuss with the writer’s web site or the information’s copyright data for particulars on revisions. Important modifications within the Android SDK or associated applied sciences necessitate updates to keep up relevance.

Query 5: Is that this information appropriate for each novice and skilled programmers?

The information’s construction typically caters to each novice and skilled programmers, although newcomers might require extra supplemental sources. Skilled programmers can profit from the information’s structured method and emphasis on greatest practices.

Query 6: What varieties of tasks are usually included on this information?

Initiatives generally contain constructing varied Android functions, starting from easy UI-focused apps to extra complicated functions integrating networking and information storage. Examples would possibly embody job administration apps, photograph galleries, or primary e-commerce platforms. These tasks supply hands-on expertise with core Android improvement ideas.

The knowledge introduced right here ought to help in figuring out the suitability and applicability of the useful resource to particular person studying wants. Additional analysis and analysis are inspired to make sure alignment with particular improvement objectives.

Proceed with the subsequent part for a deeper dive into sensible workouts and troubleshooting.

Important Android Growth Suggestions

The next suggestions are derived from greatest practices emphasised in complete Android improvement guides. Adherence to those pointers can enhance code high quality, software efficiency, and total improvement effectivity.

Tip 1: Prioritize UI Thread Optimization: Carry out prolonged operations, reminiscent of community requests or database queries, on background threads to stop blocking the principle UI thread. Make the most of mechanisms like `AsyncTask`, `ExecutorService`, or Kotlin Coroutines for environment friendly background job administration.

Tip 2: Leverage Android Profiler: Often make the most of the Android Profiler device inside Android Studio to establish and handle efficiency bottlenecks. Analyze CPU utilization, reminiscence allocation, and community exercise to optimize software useful resource consumption. Use this earlier than releasing app to manufacturing

Tip 3: Implement Environment friendly Information Constructions: Select applicable information buildings primarily based on entry patterns and efficiency necessities. Make the most of `SparseArray` as a substitute of `HashMap` for integer keys to attenuate reminiscence overhead. Contemplate immutable information buildings to keep away from synchronization points.

Tip 4: Optimize Structure Hierarchies: Decrease the complexity of structure hierarchies to scale back view inflation time and enhance rendering efficiency. Use `ConstraintLayout` to create versatile and environment friendly layouts. Flatten nested view teams to keep away from pointless overhead.

Tip 5: Make use of Information Binding and View Binding: Make the most of Information Binding or View Binding to get rid of boilerplate code for accessing and manipulating view components. These options enhance code readability, scale back the danger of errors, and improve maintainability. Guarantee code are readable in order that maintainer of the code is well perceive.

Tip 6: Handle Reminiscence Successfully: Keep away from reminiscence leaks by correctly releasing sources and unregistering listeners. Use `WeakReference` to carry references to things which may be rubbish collected. Implement `onTrimMemory()` to launch unused sources when the system is underneath reminiscence strain.

Tip 7: Implement Sturdy Error Dealing with: Implement complete error dealing with mechanisms to gracefully deal with exceptions and stop software crashes. Use `try-catch` blocks to catch potential exceptions and supply informative error messages to the consumer.

By incorporating the following tips into the Android improvement workflow, builders can create extra sturdy, performant, and user-friendly functions. These pointers promote code high quality and environment friendly useful resource utilization, enhancing the general improvement expertise.

The subsequent part supplies troubleshooting steerage and greatest practices for resolving widespread Android improvement points.

Conclusion

This exploration of “invoice phillips android programming: the massive nerd ranch information pdf” has elucidated its multifaceted worth as a studying useful resource for Android improvement. The evaluation encompassed elements reminiscent of authoritative steerage, sensible examples, complete content material, model compatibility, and accessibility. Every ingredient contributes to the information’s potential for fostering competence in Android software improvement.

The continued relevance of such sources hinges on ongoing adaptation to the evolving Android ecosystem. Aspiring builders ought to critically consider the information’s suitability for his or her particular studying goals and actively search up to date data to enhance their information. The ideas of sound software program engineering, as conveyed inside complete guides, stay important for crafting sturdy and maintainable functions.

Leave a Comment